How do technologies based on cyber-physical systems affect the environmental performance of products? A comparative study of manufacturers' and customers' perspectives

This study explores how Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) impact the circular economy from both manufacturer and customer perspectives. Additive manufacturing is identified as having the greatest potential for material reduction, particularly in manufacturing, logistics, and transport phases. The research highlights that while the impact is positive, barriers such as acquisition costs and safety specifications often take priority over environmental benefits.